This series transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

Under the terms of the Dawes Allotment Act of February 8, 1887, which established the Commission and had the effect of breaking up the Five Civilized Tribes as social units, parcels of land within the Indian Territory were to be awarded to Native Americans according to their degree of Indian blood, age, and family status. The term “newborn” referred to each Creek individual living within a qualified Creek (or other tribal) household who was four years of age or less and not an orphan—up to the time that the President awarded the land allotments. Under this definition, each Creek newborn was to receive forty acres of Indian Territory. The importance of the original Creek applications found in M-1301 and transcribed in this series is that they contain more information and establish family relationships not found on the census cards in National Archive film M-1186, the basis for the seminal title Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory [and] Index to the Final Rolls.

On July 25, 1898, the Interior Department established an Indian Territory Division to administer the Curtis Act of 1898, named for the Native American Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas. The Curtis Act mandated that new tribal population rolls be compiled for inhabitants of the Indian Territory. The leaders of the Creek Nation in Muskogee, who had hoped to retain their tribal organization, resisted this census requirement until 1904-05, when the Dawes Commission announced that its representatives would appear in seven towns of the Creek Nation and accept notarized official applications for its newborn. Once the deadline for these applications had passed, the rolls establishing Creek citizenship would be closed. The Commission accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved.

Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and “newborns,” the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history.

This series transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

Under the terms of the Dawes Allotment Act of February 8, 1887, which established the Commission and had the effect of breaking up the Five Civilized Tribes as social units, parcels of land within the Indian Territory were to be awarded to Native Americans according to their degree of Indian blood, age, and family status. The term “newborn” referred to each Creek individual living within a qualified Creek (or other tribal) household who was four years of age or less and not an orphan—up to the time that the President awarded the land allotments. Under this definition, each Creek newborn was to receive forty acres of Indian Territory. The importance of the original Creek applications found in M-1301 and transcribed in this series is that they contain more information and establish family relationships not found on the census cards in National Archive film M-1186, the basis for the seminal title Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory [and] Index to the Final Rolls.

On July 25, 1898, the Interior Department established an Indian Territory Division to administer the Curtis Act of 1898, named for the Native American Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas. The Curtis Act mandated that new tribal population rolls be compiled for inhabitants of the Indian Territory. The leaders of the Creek Nation in Muskogee, who had hoped to retain their tribal organization, resisted this census requirement until 1904-05, when the Dawes Commission announced that its representatives would appear in seven towns of the Creek Nation and accept notarized official applications for its newborn. Once the deadline for these applications had passed, the rolls establishing Creek citizenship would be closed. The Commission accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved.

Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and “newborns,” the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history.

This series transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

Under the terms of the Dawes Allotment Act of February 8, 1887, which established the Commission and had the effect of breaking up the Five Civilized Tribes as social units, parcels of land within the Indian Territory were to be awarded to Native Americans according to their degree of Indian blood, age, and family status. The term “newborn” referred to each Creek individual living within a qualified Creek (or other tribal) household who was four years of age or less and not an orphan—up to the time that the President awarded the land allotments. Under this definition, each Creek newborn was to receive forty acres of Indian Territory. The importance of the original Creek applications found in M-1301 and transcribed in this series is that they contain more information and establish family relationships not found on the census cards in National Archive film M-1186, the basis for the seminal title Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory [and] Index to the Final Rolls.

On July 25, 1898, the Interior Department established an Indian Territory Division to administer the Curtis Act of 1898, named for the Native American Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas. The Curtis Act mandated that new tribal population rolls be compiled for inhabitants of the Indian Territory. The leaders of the Creek Nation in Muskogee, who had hoped to retain their tribal organization, resisted this census requirement until 1904-05, when the Dawes Commission announced that its representatives would appear in seven towns of the Creek Nation and accept notarized official applications for its newborn. Once the deadline for these applications had passed, the rolls establishing Creek citizenship would be closed. The Commission accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved.

Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and “newborns,” the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history.

This is the fifth volume in this series, which transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

The Dawes Commission ultimately accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved. Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and “newborns,” the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history. In all, researchers will find about 2,500 additional Creek connections in the name index of this volume.

This is the sixth volume in this series, which transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

The Dawes Commission ultimately accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved. Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and “newborns,” the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history. In all, researchers will find about 2,500 additional Creek connections in the name index to this volume.

This series transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

The Dawes Commission ultimately accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved. Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and “newborns,” the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history. In all, researchers will find about 2,500 additional Creek connections in the name index to the newly transcribed Volume VII.

This multi-volume series transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

The Dawes Commission ultimately accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved. Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and "newborns," the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history. In all, researchers will find about 2,500 additional Creek connections in the name index to the newly transcribed Volume X.

This series transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

The Dawes Commission ultimately accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved. Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and "newborns," the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history. In all, researchers will find several thousand additional Creek connections in the name index to the newly transcribed Volume XI.

This series transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

The Dawes Commission ultimately accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved. Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and "newborns," the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history. In all, researchers will find several thousand additional Creek connections in the name index to the newly transcribed Volume XI.

This series transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

The Dawes Commission ultimately accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved. Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and "newborns," the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history. Researchers will find several thousand additional Creek connections in the name index to Volume XIII.

This is the concluding volume in this series, which transcribes the Applications for Enrollment of Creek Newborn, National Archive film M-1301 (Act of 1905), as described in the National Archives publication American Indians. The Creek newborn applications represent one component of the larger body of applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 (Dawes Commission).

The Dawes Commission ultimately accepted applications for 2,410 children by the deadline of midnight, May 2, 1905; however, only 1,171 of those claimants were ultimately approved. Mr. Bowen’s transcriptions include all correspondence associated with the 1,171 successful Creek claimants. Besides the names of all parents and “newborns,” the applications include the names of doctors, lawyers, midwives, and other Creek relatives who attended to the Creek Nation before and during this time in history. Researchers will find several thousand additional Creek connections in the name index to this volume.

This is the definitive one-volume guide to the Indian tribes of North America, and it covers all groupings such as nations, confederations, tribes, sub-tribes, clans, and bands. It is a vast and impressive digest of all Indian groups and their historical locations throughout the continent. Formatted as a dictionary, or gazetteer, and organized by state, it includes all known tribal groupings within the state and the many villages where they were located.

Using the year 1650 to determine the general location of most of the tribes, Swanton has drawn four over-sized fold-out maps, each depicting a different quadrant of North America and the location of the various tribes therein, including not only the tribes of the United States, Canada, Greenland, Mexico, and Central America, but the Caribbean islands as well. According to the author, the gazetteer and the maps are "intended to inform the general reader what Indian tribes occupied the territory of his State and to add enough data to indicate the place they occupied among the tribal groups of the continent and the part they played in the early period of our history. . . ."

Accordingly, the bulk of the text includes such facts as the origin of the tribal name and a brief list of the more important synonyms; the linguistic connections of the tribe; its location; a brief sketch of its history; its population at different periods; and the extent to which its name has been perpetuated geographically. As far as possible each tribe, or group, is treated as an independent entity, but the work as a whole forms an absolutely comprehensive picture of the Indian tribes of North America, and leaves no question unanswered about any tribal grouping, big or small.

Along with the bibliography and index, and the imprimatur of its original publisher, the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology, Swanton's book is an authoritative digest of the Indian tribes of North America, and it is the one book that you'll need as a desk reference in your Native American research.